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The Baalberge Group (German: ''Baalberge Kultur'', also ''Baalberger Kultur'') was a late neolithic culture whose remains are found in central Germany. It is named after its first findspot: on the Schneiderberg at Baalberge, Salzlandkreis, Saxony-Anhalt. It appears to be the oldest grouping of the Funnelbeaker culture. In Germany it is the most common of the Funnelbeaker cultures. Because of issues with the archaeological use of the term culture it is now often referred to as the Baalberge Ceramic style (''Baalberger Keramikstil''). It is part of Funnelbeaker phase TRB-MES II and III in the Middle Elbe/Saale region. == History and scholarship == An early example of the Funnelbeaker culture, the Baalberge ceramic style dates between 3800 - 3400 BC and belongs to the central German funnelbeaker phases TRB-MES II (3800-3500 BC) and TRB-MES III (3500-3350 BC). It developed out of phase TRB-MES I (4100-3800 BC), innovating under the influence of southeaster and western influences (Michelsberg culture and the late Lengyel culture). A more complex society developed after 3350 BC in the TRB-MES IV phase, with distinct decorative styles (Salzmünd group and Walternienburg-Bernburg Culture). The Baalberge culture was first identified as a distinct group on the grounds of pottery types by Nils Niklasson and Paul Kupka. Before this it had been included in the Bernburg type.〔Nils Niklasson. Studien über die Walternienburg-Bernburger Kultur 1 (= Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, Band 13). Halle (Saale) 1925.〕 Kupka grouped the finds belonging to the Baalberge culture together under the name "Central German Stilthouse Pottery" (''mitteldeutsche Pfahlbaukeramik'').〔Paul Kupka. "Alter, Wesen und Verbreitung der mitteldeutschen Steinzeittonware. Nachträgliches und Ergänzendes." ''Beiträge zur Geschichte, Landes und Volkskunde der Altmark'', Vol. 5 (1925–1930), 1928, pp. 201–262.〕 Paul Grimm followed this with the first division of the material into Early, High, Late and Pre-Unetice periods in 1937.〔Paul Grimm. "Die Baalberger Kultur in Mitteldeutschland." ''Mannus'', Vol. 19, 1937, pp. 155–187.〕 Paul Kupka and C.J. Becker put the Baalberg group in parallel with the northern Funnelbeaker culture. Joachim Preuß divided the Baalberg culture into an older and later phase using burial practices and pottery typologies.〔Joachim Preuß. "Die chronologische Stellung der Baalberger, Salzmünder und Walternienburger Gruppe innerhalb der Trichterbecherkultur Mitteldeutschlands." in Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (Ed.). ''L'Europe à la fin de l'âge de la pierre: Actes du Symposium consacré aux problèmes du Néolithique européen'', Prague, Liblice, Brno 5.-12.10.1959. Prag 1961, pp. 405–413.〕 Scientific data indicates however that the divisions do not indicate chronological differences. According to Johannes Müller they instead show different social groups.〔Johannes Müller. ''Soziochronologische Studien zum Jung- und Spätneolithikum im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet (4100-2700 v. Chr.)'' (''Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen'' Vol. 21). Rahden, Leidorf 2001.〕 Marija Gimbutas and her followers argue that the Baalberg culture was an intrusive hybrid culture deriving ultimately from the Eurasian steppe, part of the Kurgan hypothesis. In that case it would have been an Indo-European-speaking culture. Some aspects of Baalberge burials might support this theory, such as the presence of pottery allegedly influenced by the Baden culture (an Indo-Europeanised culture according to Gimbutas) and the Bodrogkersztúr culture and the posture of the corpses, laid on their right hand side with their legs pulled up - a posture typical of the "Yamna culture." But other aspects of the burials are very different from burials in the east, such as the placement of the hands over the mouth in an eating gesture (which is unknown in authentic kurgan sites) and the much less marked use of red ochre. In particular, there are no signs of the steppe kurgans that characterise the Kurgan culture. Finally, comparative anatomy suggests the deceased came from a locally derived population, not from the east. Mallory therefore considers the Baalberge group a local development.〔Mallory, "Baalberge group", ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture'', Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baalberge group」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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